kubectl scale 命令可以来实现 Pod 的扩缩容功能,但是这个毕竟是完全手动操作的,要应对线上的各种复杂情况,需要能够做到自动化去感知业务,来自动进行扩缩容,为此Kubernetes 也为我们提供了这样的一个资源对象:Horizontal Pod Autoscaling(Pod 水平自动伸缩),简称HPA,HPA 通过监控分析一些控制器控制的所有 Pod 的负载变化情况来确定是否需要调整 Pod 的副本数量,这是 HPA 最基本的原理:
hpa1.png
我们可以简单的通过 kubectl autoscale 命令来创建一个 HPA 资源对象,HPA Controller默认30s轮询一次(可通过 kube-controller-manager 的--horizontal-pod-autoscaler-sync-period 参数进行设置),查询指定的资源中的 Pod 资源使用率,并且与创建时设定的值和指标做对比,从而实现自动伸缩的功能

Metrics Server

在 HPA 的第一个版本中,我们需要 Heapster 提供 CPU 和内存指标,在 HPA v2 过后就需要安装 Metrcis Server 了,Metrics Server 可以通过标准的 Kubernetes API 把监控数据暴露出来,有了 Metrics Server 之后,我们就完全可以通过标准的 Kubernetes API 来访问我们想要获取的监控数据了:

https://10.96.0.1/apis/metrics.k8s.io/v1beta1/namespaces/<namespace-name>/pods/<pod-name>

比如当我们访问上面的 API 的时候,我们就可以获取到该 Pod 的资源数据,这些数据其实是来自于 kubelet 的 Summary API 采集而来的,不过需要说明的是我们这里可以通过标准的 API 来获取资源监控数据,并不是因为 Metrics Server 就是 APIServer 的一部分,而是通过 Kubernetes 提供的 Aggregator 汇聚插件来实现的,是独立于 APIServer 之外运行的
hpa2.png

聚合 API

Aggregator 允许开发人员编写一个自己的服务,把这个服务注册到 Kubernetes 的 APIServer 里面去,这样我们就可以像原生的 APIServer 提供的 API 使用自己的 API 了,我们把自己的服务运行在 Kubernetes 集群里面,然后 Kubernetes 的 Aggregator 通过 Service 名称就可以转发到我们自己写的 Service 里面去了。这样这个聚合层就带来了很多好处:

  1. 增加了 API 的扩展性,开发人员可以编写自己的 API 服务来暴露他们想要的 API
  2. 丰富了 API,核心 kubernetes 团队阻止了很多新的 API 提案,通过允许开发人员将他们的 API 作为单独的服务公开,这样就无须社区繁杂的审查了
    开发分阶段实验性 API,新的 API 可以在单独的聚合服务中开发,当它稳定之后,在合并会 APIServer 就很容易了
  3. 确保新 API 遵循 Kubernetes 约定,如果没有这里提出的机制,社区成员可能会被迫推出自己的东西,这样很可能造成社区成员和社区约定不一致

安装

所以现在我们要使用 HPA,就需要在集群中安装 Metrics Server 服务,要安装 Metrics Server 就需要开启 Aggregator,因为 Metrics Server 就是通过该代理进行扩展的,不过我们集群是通过 Kubeadm 搭建的,默认已经开启了,如果是二进制方式安装的集群,需要单独配置 kube-apsierver 添加如下所示的参数:

--requestheader-client-ca-file=<path to aggregator CA cert>
--requestheader-allowed-names=aggregator
--requestheader-extra-headers-prefix=X-Remote-Extra-
--requestheader-group-headers=X-Remote-Group
--requestheader-username-headers=X-Remote-User
--proxy-client-cert-file=<path to aggregator proxy cert>
--proxy-client-key-file=<path to aggregator proxy key>

如果 kube-proxy 没有和 APIServer 运行在同一台主机上,那么需要确保启用了如下 kube-apsierver 的参数

--enable-aggregator-routing=true

对于这些证书的生成方式,我们可以查看官方文档:https://github.com/kubernetes-sigs/apiserver-builder-alpha/blob/master/docs/concepts/auth.md

安装 Metrics Server

见博客Metrics Server安装 点击跳转

[root@k8s-master ~]# kubectl top node
NAME         CPU(cores)   CPU%   MEMORY(bytes)   MEMORY%   
k8s-master   180m         4%     6112Mi          79%       
k8s-node1    307m         7%     6340Mi          54%       
k8s-node2    314m         7%     5111Mi          43%    

可以通过 kubectl top 命令来获取到资源数据了,证明 Metrics Server 已经安装成功了

基于CPU

用 Deployment 来创建一个 Nginx Pod,然后利用 HPA 来进行自动扩缩容,资源清单如下所示:(hpa-demo.yaml)

apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
  name: hpa-demo
  namespace: test-env
spec:
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      app: nginx
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        app: nginx
    spec:
      containers:
      - name: nginx
        image: nginx
        ports:
        - containerPort: 80
        resources:
          requests:
            memory: 50Mi
            cpu: 50m
            
[root@k8s-master test]# kubectl apply -f hpa-demo.yaml
deployment.apps/hpa-demo created            
[root@k8s-master test]# kubectl get -n test-env po
NAME                        READY   STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE
hpa-demo-5c9d466b7f-mtqrl   1/1     Running   0          24s   

现在我们来创建一个 HPA 资源对象,可以使用kubectl autoscale命令来创建:

[root@k8s-master test]# kubectl autoscale -n test-env deployment hpa-demo --cpu-percent=10 --min=1 --max=10
horizontalpodautoscaler.autoscaling/hpa-demo autoscaled
[root@k8s-master test]# kubectl get -n test-env hpa
NAME       REFERENCE             TARGETS         MINPODS   MAXPODS   REPLICAS   AGE
hpa-demo   Deployment/hpa-demo   <unknown>/10%   1         10        0          13s

此命令创建了一个关联资源 hpa-demo 的 HPA,最小的 Pod 副本数为1,最大为10。HPA 会根据设定的 cpu 使用率(10%)动态的增加或者减少 Pod 数量
当然我们依然还是可以通过创建 YAML 文件的形式来创建 HPA 资源对象,如果我们不知道怎么编写的话,可以查看上面命令行创建的HPA的YAML文件:

[root@k8s-master test]# kubectl get -n test-env hpa hpa-demo -o yaml
apiVersion: autoscaling/v1
kind: HorizontalPodAutoscaler
metadata:
  annotations:
    autoscaling.alpha.kubernetes.io/conditions: '[{"type":"AbleToScale","status":"True","lastTransitionTime":"2020-05-25T02:56:54Z","reason":"ScaleDownStabilized","message":"recent
      recommendations were higher than current one, applying the highest recent recommendation"},{"type":"ScalingActive","status":"True","lastTransitionTime":"2020-05-25T02:56:54Z","reason":"ValidMetricFound","message":"the
      HPA was able to successfully calculate a replica count from cpu resource utilization
      (percentage of request)"},{"type":"ScalingLimited","status":"False","lastTransitionTime":"2020-05-25T02:56:54Z","reason":"DesiredWithinRange","message":"the
      desired count is within the acceptable range"}]'
    autoscaling.alpha.kubernetes.io/current-metrics: '[{"type":"Resource","resource":{"name":"cpu","currentAverageUtilization":0,"currentAverageValue":"0"}}]'
  creationTimestamp: "2020-05-25T02:56:39Z"
  name: hpa-demo
  namespace: test-env
  resourceVersion: "9626632"
  selfLink: /apis/autoscaling/v1/namespaces/test-env/horizontalpodautoscalers/hpa-demo
  uid: 3f09896b-9ff1-43f2-9160-781e64bd0ee7
spec:
  maxReplicas: 10
  minReplicas: 1
  scaleTargetRef:
    apiVersion: extensions/v1beta1
    kind: Deployment
    name: hpa-demo
  targetCPUUtilizationPercentage: 10
status:
  currentCPUUtilizationPercentage: 0
  currentReplicas: 1
  desiredReplicas: 1

然后我们可以根据上面的 YAML 文件就可以自己来创建一个基于 YAML 的 HPA 描述文件了,但是我们发现上面信息里面出现了一些 Fail 信息,我们来查看下这个 HPA 对象的信息:

[root@k8s-master test]# kubectl describe -n test-env hpa hpa-demo
Name:                                                  hpa-demo
Namespace:                                             test-env
Labels:                                                <none>
Annotations:                                           <none>
CreationTimestamp:                                     Mon, 25 May 2020 10:56:39 +0800
Reference:                                             Deployment/hpa-demo
Metrics:                                               ( current / target )
  resource cpu on pods  (as a percentage of request):  0% (0) / 10%
Min replicas:                                          1
Max replicas:                                          10
Deployment pods:                                       1 current / 1 desired
Conditions:
  Type            Status  Reason               Message
  ----            ------  ------               -------
  AbleToScale     True    ScaleDownStabilized  recent recommendations were higher than current one, applying the highest recent recommendation
  ScalingActive   True    ValidMetricFound     the HPA was able to successfully calculate a replica count from cpu resource utilization (percentage of request)
  ScalingLimited  False   DesiredWithinRange   the desired count is within the acceptable range
Events:           <none>

[root@k8s-master test]# kubectl get -n test-env hpa
NAME       REFERENCE             TARGETS   MINPODS   MAXPODS   REPLICAS   AGE
hpa-demo   Deployment/hpa-demo   0%/10%    1         10        1          4m40s

可以看到 HPA 资源对象已经正常了,现在我们来增大负载进行测试,我们来创建一个 busybox 的 Pod,并且循环访问上面创建的 Pod:

[root@k8s-master test]# kubectl get -n test-env pods -o wide -l app=nginx
NAME                        READY   STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE     IP            NODE        NOMINATED NODE   READINESS GATES
hpa-demo-5c9d466b7f-mtqrl   1/1     Running   0          13m     10.244.1.88   k8s-node1   <none>           <none>
[root@k8s-master test]# kubectl run -it --image busybox test-hpa --restart=Never --rm /bin/sh -n test-env
/ # while true; do wget -q -O- http://10.244.1.88; done

可以看到,HPA 已经开始工作

[root@k8s-master ~]# kubectl get -n test-env hpa
NAME       REFERENCE             TARGETS    MINPODS   MAXPODS   REPLICAS   AGE
hpa-demo   Deployment/hpa-demo   146%/10%   1         10        10         8m47s
[root@k8s-master ~]# kubectl get -n test-env pods -l app=nginx --watch 
NAME                        READY   STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE
hpa-demo-5c9d466b7f-5p6pw   1/1     Running   0          76s
hpa-demo-5c9d466b7f-bx4kf   1/1     Running   0          76s
hpa-demo-5c9d466b7f-ddsj7   1/1     Running   0          61s
hpa-demo-5c9d466b7f-htn6z   1/1     Running   0          61s
hpa-demo-5c9d466b7f-mtqrl   1/1     Running   0          10m
hpa-demo-5c9d466b7f-pmhwr   1/1     Running   0          61s
hpa-demo-5c9d466b7f-r2dhr   1/1     Running   0          46s
hpa-demo-5c9d466b7f-t2gw7   1/1     Running   0          46s
hpa-demo-5c9d466b7f-t2sp6   1/1     Running   0          76s
hpa-demo-5c9d466b7f-vk8pb   1/1     Running   0          61s

可以看到已经自动拉起了很多新的 Pod,最后定格在了我们上面设置的 10 个 Pod,同时查看资源 hpa-demo 的副本数量,副本数量已经从原来的1变成了10个

[root@k8s-master ~]# kubectl get -n test-env deployment hpa-demo 
NAME       READY   UP-TO-DATE   AVAILABLE   AGE
hpa-demo   10/10   10           10          11m

查看 HPA 资源的对象了解工作过程

[root@k8s-master ~]# kubectl describe -n test-env hpa hpa-demo
Name:                                                  hpa-demo
Namespace:                                             test-env
Labels:                                                <none>
Annotations:                                           <none>
CreationTimestamp:                                     Mon, 25 May 2020 10:56:39 +0800
Reference:                                             Deployment/hpa-demo
Metrics:                                               ( current / target )
  resource cpu on pods  (as a percentage of request):  27% (13m) / 10%
Min replicas:                                          1
Max replicas:                                          10
Deployment pods:                                       10 current / 10 desired
Conditions:
  Type            Status  Reason               Message
  ----            ------  ------               -------
  AbleToScale     True    ScaleDownStabilized  recent recommendations were higher than current one, applying the highest recent recommendation
  ScalingActive   True    ValidMetricFound     the HPA was able to successfully calculate a replica count from cpu resource utilization (percentage of request)
  ScalingLimited  True    TooManyReplicas      the desired replica count is more than the maximum replica count
Events:
  Type    Reason             Age    From                       Message
  ----    ------             ----   ----                       -------
  Normal  SuccessfulRescale  2m52s  horizontal-pod-autoscaler  New size: 4; reason: cpu resource utilization (percentage of request) above target
  Normal  SuccessfulRescale  2m37s  horizontal-pod-autoscaler  New size: 8; reason: cpu resource utilization (percentage of request) above target
  Normal  SuccessfulRescale  2m22s  horizontal-pod-autoscaler  New size: 10; reason: cpu resource utilization (percentage of request) above target

同样的这个时候我们来关掉 busybox 来减少负载,然后等待一段时间观察下 HPA 和 Deployment 对象

[root@k8s-master test]# kubectl get hpa -n test-env
NAME       REFERENCE             TARGETS   MINPODS   MAXPODS   REPLICAS   AGE
hpa-demo   Deployment/hpa-demo   0%/10%    1         10        1          19m
[root@k8s-master test]# kubectl get po -n test-env
NAME                        READY   STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE
hpa-demo-5c9d466b7f-mtqrl   1/1     Running   0          20m

从 Kubernetes v1.12 版本开始我们可以通过设置 kube-controller-manager 组件的--horizontal-pod-autoscaler-downscale-stabilization 参数来设置一个持续时间,用于指定在当前操作完成后,HPA 必须等待多长时间才能执行另一次缩放操作,默认为5分钟,也就是默认需要等待5分钟后才会开始自动缩放

基于内存

HorizontalPodAutoscaler 是 Kubernetes autoscaling API 组的资源,在当前稳定版本 autoscaling/v1 中只支持基于 CPU 指标的缩放。在 Beta 版本 autoscaling/v2beta2,引入了基于内存和自定义指标的缩放。所以我们这里需要使用 Beta 版本的 API
hpa11.png
现在用 Deployment 来创建一个 Nginx Pod,然后利用 HPA 来进行自动扩缩容。资源清单如下所示:(hpa-mem-demo.yaml)

apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
  name: hpa-mem-demo
  namespace: test-env
spec:
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      app: nginx
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        app: nginx
    spec:
      volumes:
      - name: increase-mem-script
        configMap:
          name: increase-mem-config
      containers:
      - name: nginx
        image: nginx
        ports:
        - containerPort: 80
        volumeMounts:
        - name: increase-mem-script
          mountPath: /etc/script
        resources:
          requests:
            memory: 50Mi
            cpu: 50m
        securityContext:
          privileged: true  

这里和前面普通的应用有一些区别,我们将一个名为 increase-mem-config 的 ConfigMap 资源对象挂载到了容器中,该配置文件是用于后面增加容器内存占用的脚本,配置文件如下所示:(increase-mem-cm.yaml)

apiVersion: v1
kind: ConfigMap
metadata:
  name: increase-mem-config
  namespace: test-env
data:
  increase-mem.sh: |
    #!/bin/bash  
    mkdir /tmp/memory  
    mount -t tmpfs -o size=40M tmpfs /tmp/memory  
    dd if=/dev/zero of=/tmp/memory/block  
    sleep 60 
    rm /tmp/memory/block  
    umount /tmp/memory  
    rmdir /tmp/memory

由于这里增加内存的脚本需要使用到 mount 命令,这需要声明为特权模式,所以我们添加了 securityContext.privileged=true 这个配置。现在我们直接创建上面的资源对象即可

[root@k8s-master test]# kubectl apply -f increase-mem-cm.yaml
[root@k8s-master test]# kubectl apply -f hpa-mem-demo.yaml 
[root@k8s-master test]# kubectl get -n test-env pods -l app=nginx
NAME                            READY   STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE
hpa-mem-demo-66944b79bf-tqrn9   1/1     Running   0          35s

然后需要创建一个基于内存的 HPA 资源对象:(hpa-mem.yaml)

apiVersion: autoscaling/v2beta1
kind: HorizontalPodAutoscaler
metadata:
  name: nginx-hpa
  namespcae: test-env
spec:
  scaleTargetRef:
    apiVersion: apps/v1
    kind: Deployment
    name: hpa-mem-demo
  minReplicas: 1
  maxReplicas: 5
  metrics:
  - type: Resource
    resource:
      name: memory
      targetAverageUtilization: 60

要注意这里使用的 apiVersion 是 autoscaling/v2beta1,然后 metrics 属性里面指定的是内存的配置,直接创建上面的资源对象即可

[root@k8s-master test]# kubectl apply -f hpa-mem.yaml
horizontalpodautoscaler.autoscaling/nginx-hpa created
[root@k8s-master test]# kubectl get -n test-env hpa
NAME        REFERENCE                 TARGETS   MINPODS   MAXPODS   REPLICAS   AGE
hpa-demo    Deployment/hpa-demo       0%/10%    1         10        1          43m
nginx-hpa   Deployment/hpa-mem-demo   2%/60%    1         5         1          23s

到这里证明 HPA 资源对象已经部署成功了,接下来我们对应用进行压测,将内存压上去,直接执行上面我们挂载到容器中的 increase-mem.sh 脚本即可

[root@k8s-master test]# kubectl apply -f hpa-mem.yaml
horizontalpodautoscaler.autoscaling/nginx-hpa created
[root@k8s-master test]# kubectl get -n test-env hpa
NAME        REFERENCE                 TARGETS   MINPODS   MAXPODS   REPLICAS   AGE
hpa-demo    Deployment/hpa-demo       0%/10%    1         10        1          43m
nginx-hpa   Deployment/hpa-mem-demo   2%/60%    1         5         1          23s
[root@k8s-master test]# kubectl exec -it -n test-env hpa-mem-demo-6b9bd8f5ff-m7kgd bash
root@hpa-mem-demo-6b9bd8f5ff-m7kgd:/# ls /etc/script/
increase-mem.sh
root@hpa-mem-demo-6b9bd8f5ff-m7kgd:/# source /etc/script/increase-mem.sh 
dd: writing to '/tmp/memory/block': No space left on device
81921+0 records in
81920+0 records out
41943040 bytes (42 MB, 40 MiB) copied, 0.227732 s, 184 MB/s

然后打开另外一个终端观察 HPA 资源对象的变化情况

[root@k8s-master test]# kubectl get -n test-env hpa
NAME        REFERENCE                 TARGETS   MINPODS   MAXPODS   REPLICAS   AGE
nginx-hpa   Deployment/hpa-mem-demo   83%/60%   1         5         1          5m3s
$ kubectl describe hpa nginx-hpa
Name:                                                     nginx-hpa
Namespace:                                                default
Labels:                                                   <none>
Annotations:                                              kubectl.kubernetes.io/last-applied-configuration:
                                                            {"apiVersion":"autoscaling/v2beta1","kind":"HorizontalPodAutoscaler","metadata":{"annotations":{},"name":"nginx-hpa","namespace":"default"...
CreationTimestamp:                                        Tue, 07 Apr 2020 13:13:59 +0800
Reference:                                                Deployment/hpa-mem-demo
Metrics:                                                  ( current / target )
  resource memory on pods  (as a percentage of request):  3% (1740800) / 60%
Min replicas:                                             1
Max replicas:                                             5
Deployment pods:                                          2 current / 2 desired
Conditions:
  Type            Status  Reason               Message
  ----            ------  ------               -------
  AbleToScale     True    ScaleDownStabilized  recent recommendations were higher than current one, applying the highest recent recommendation
  ScalingActive   True    ValidMetricFound     the HPA was able to successfully calculate a replica count from memory resource utilization (percentage of request)
  ScalingLimited  False   DesiredWithinRange   the desired count is within the acceptable range
Events:
  Type     Reason                        Age                    From                       Message
  ----     ------                        ----                   ----                       -------
  Warning  FailedGetResourceMetric       5m26s (x3 over 5m58s)  horizontal-pod-autoscaler  unable to get metrics for resource memory: no metrics returned from resource metrics API
  Warning  FailedComputeMetricsReplicas  5m26s (x3 over 5m58s)  horizontal-pod-autoscaler  invalid metrics (1 invalid out of 1), first error is: failed to get memory utilization: unable to get metrics for resource memory: no metrics returned from resource metrics API
  Normal   SuccessfulRescale             77s                    horizontal-pod-autoscaler  New size: 2; reason: memory resource utilization (percentage of request) above target
$ kubectl top pod hpa-mem-demo-66944b79bf-tqrn9
NAME                            CPU(cores)   MEMORY(bytes)
hpa-mem-demo-66944b79bf-tqrn9   0m           41Mi

可以看到内存使用已经超过了我们设定的 60% 这个阈值了,HPA 资源对象也已经触发了自动扩容,变成了两个副本了

[root@k8s-master test]# kubectl get pods -l app=nginx
NAME                            READY   STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE
hpa-mem-demo-66944b79bf-8m4d9   1/1     Running   0          2m51s
hpa-mem-demo-66944b79bf-tqrn9   1/1     Running   0          8m11s

基于自定义指标

除了基于 CPU 和内存来进行自动扩缩容之外,我们还可以根据自定义的监控指标来进行,这个我们就需要使用 Prometheus Adapter,Prometheus 用于监控应用的负载和集群本身的各种指标,Prometheus Adapter 可以帮我们使用 Prometheus 收集的指标并使用它们来制定扩展策略,这些指标都是通过 APIServer 暴露的,而且 HPA 资源对象也可以很轻易的直接使用
hpa12.png

文章作者: 鲜花的主人
版权声明: 本站所有文章除特别声明外,均采用 CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 许可协议。转载请注明来自 爱吃可爱多
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